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Norms and Necessity
Claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible have long played a central role in metaphysics and other areas of philosophy.Such claims are traditionally thought of as aiming to describe a special kind of modal fact or property, or perhaps facts about other possible worlds.But that assumption leads to difficult ontological, epistemological, and methodological puzzles.Should we accept that there are modal facts or properties, or other possible worlds?If so, what could these things be? How could we come to know what the modal facts or properties are?How can we resolve philosophical debates about what is metaphysically necessary or possible?Norms and Necessity develops a new approach to understanding our claims about metaphysical possibility and necessity: Modal Normativism.The Normativist rejects the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features or possible worlds, arguing instead that they serve as useful ways of conveying, reasoning with, and renegotiating semantic rules and their consequences.By dropping the descriptivist assumption, the Normativist is able to unravel the notorious ontological problems of modality, and provide a clear and plausible story about how we can come to know what is metaphysically necessary or possible.Most importantly, this approach helps demystify philosophical methodology.It reveals that resolving metaphysical modal questions does not require a special form of philosophical insight or intuition.Instead, it requires nothing more mysterious than empirical knowledge, conceptual mastery, and an ability to explicitly convey and renegotiate semantic rules.
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Norms in Human Development
The distinction between norms and facts is long-standing in providing a challenge for psychology.Norms exist as directives, commands, rules, customs and ideals, playing a constitutive role in human action and thought.Norms lay down 'what has to be' (the necessary, possible or impossible) and 'what has to be done' (the obligatory, the permitted or the forbidden) and so go beyond the 'is' of causality.During two millennia, norms made an essential contribution to accounts of the mind, yet the twentieth century witnessed an abrupt change in the science of psychology where norms were typically either excluded altogether or reduced to causes.The central argument in this book is twofold. Firstly, the approach in twentieth-century psychology is flawed.Secondly, norms operating interdependently with causes can be investigated empirically and theoretically in cognition, culture and morality.Human development is a norm-laden process.
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New Age Norms 1
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General Theory of Norms
Hans Kelsen is considered by many to be one of the foremost legal thinkers of the twentieth century.He made important contributions to many areas, but especially to legal theory and international law.Over a number of decades, he developed an important legal theory which found its first complete exposition in Reine Rechtslehre, 1934 (presently being translated by Stanley Paulson for OUP) and its fullest expression in the second edition of Reine Rechtslehre, 1960.During the last decade of his life he was working on what he called a general theory of norms.When he died in 1973, he left a lengthy manuscript, which was published in 1979 as Allgemeine Theorie der Normen.This book is the translation - General Theory of Norms.It is thus the last work of one of the most important legal theorists this century.In it, Kelsen develops his `pure theory of law' into a `general theory of norms'.In so doing, he provides a new basis for some of the positions he espoused earlier on, but also revises some of his earlier positions.The most important new topic is that of the applicability of logic to norms: Kelsen develops an original and extreme position some people have called `normative irrationalism'. In the book, Kelsen also examines the views of over 200 philosophers and legal theorists on law, morality and logic, ranging from Plato and Aristotle to contemporary thinkers.
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What are behavioral norms?
Behavioral norms are the unwritten rules and expectations that govern how individuals should behave in a particular social group or culture. These norms dictate what is considered acceptable or unacceptable behavior within a given context, and they help to maintain social order and cohesion. Behavioral norms can encompass a wide range of behaviors, from manners and etiquette to more serious ethical and moral standards. They are learned through socialization and are reinforced through social interactions and feedback.
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What are the norms?
Norms are the accepted standards of behavior within a society or group that guide individuals on how to act in various situations. They are the unwritten rules that govern interactions and expectations among members of a community. Norms can vary across cultures and can be explicit or implicit, influencing everything from language and dress codes to social etiquette and values. Adhering to norms helps maintain social order and cohesion within a group.
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What do norms determine?
Norms determine the accepted behaviors, beliefs, and values within a particular group or society. They dictate how individuals should act, think, and interact with others in order to be considered as part of the group. Norms also influence social expectations and help maintain order and cohesion within a community. Additionally, they play a significant role in shaping cultural identity and defining what is considered as appropriate or inappropriate within a given context.
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Can beauty be objective if it is shaped by socially predetermined norms?
Beauty is often shaped by socially predetermined norms, which can make it difficult for beauty to be truly objective. These norms can vary across cultures and time periods, leading to different standards of beauty. However, there are also universal aspects of beauty, such as symmetry and proportion, that can be considered objective. Ultimately, the subjective nature of beauty means that it is influenced by both societal norms and individual perceptions.
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Morality and Socially Constructed Norms
Observe social distancing. Tip your waiter. Give priority to the elderly. Stop at the red light. Pay your taxes. Do not chew with your mouth open. These are imperatives we face every day, imposed upon us by norms that happen to be generally accepted in our environment.Call these 'socially constructed norms'. A constant presence in our lives, these norms elicit mixed feelings.On the one hand, we treat them as valid standards of behaviour and respond to their violation with emotions such disapproval, resentment, and guilt.On the other hand, we look at them with suspicion: after all, they are arbitrary human constructs that may contribute to oppression and injustice.In light of this ambivalence, it is important to have a criterion telling us when, if ever, we are morally bound by socially constructed norms and when we should instead disregard them.Morality and Socially Constructed Norms systematically develops such a criterion.It traces the moral significance of those norms to the agential commitments that underpin them, and explains why those commitments ought to be respected, provided the content of the corresponding norms is consistent with independent moral constraints.The book then explores the implications of this view for three core questions in moral, legal, and political philosophy: the grounding of moral rights, the obligation to obey the law, and the wrong of sovereignty violations.Morality and Socially Constructed Norms shows how much progress can be made in normative theorizing when we give socially constructed norms their (moral) due.
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Humanistic Tourism : Values, Norms and Dignity
Human dignity has experienced limited attention in tourism studies.The interlinked dimensions of dignity in tourism urgently ask for broad avenues of future research, as tourism is both an information-intensive industry and an "experience good" resulting from the relationship and co-creation processes involving hosts and guests in different political, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental contexts.These contexts play a role in how an individual’s values, norms, and experiences may be experienced in tourism. This edited book is one of the first attempts to apply to tourism a humanistic management approach entailing a re-discovery of the value of human life, dignity, and awareness of the ethical dimensions of work.The book develops awareness of the contemporary relevance of the human dignity concept to interpret and manage the weaknesses of traditional approaches to tourism and cope with the challenges and new scenarios, including the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis.It presents ethical values and norms as both foundations and vehicles to dignify tourism stakeholders’ vision and mission (policy, strategies, and practices) as well as people/tourist beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.It grounds humanistic education as a pervasive mechanism to innovate tourism management contents and practices by offering to different targets new educational and training formats or framing differently traditional ones.Presenting both a critical and a positive approach to tourism management, the diversity of disciplinary approaches, case studies, and examples makes the book attractive to a variety of readers including tourism scholars, researchers, practitioners, and postgraduate students of management and organization disciplines.
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Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms
Autonomous weapons systems seem to be on the path to becoming accepted technologies of warfare.The weaponization of artificial intelligence raises questions about whether human beings will maintain control of the use of force.The notion of meaningful human control has become a focus of international debate on lethal autonomous weapons systems among members of the United Nations: many states have diverging ideas about various complex forms of human-machine interaction and the point at which human control stops being meaningful. In Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms Ingvild Bode and Hendrik Huelss present an innovative study of how testing, developing, and using weapons systems with autonomous features shapes ethical and legal norms, and how standards manifest and change in practice.Autonomous weapons systems are not a matter for the distant future – some autonomous features, such as in air defence systems, have been in use for decades.They have already incrementally changed use-of-force norms by setting emerging standards for what counts as meaningful human control.As UN discussions drag on with minimal progress, the trend towards autonomizing weapons systems continues. A thought-provoking and urgent book, Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms provides an in-depth analysis of the normative repercussions of weaponizing artificial intelligence.
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Deja vu Style : Fashion trends that made a comeback
One person's deadly sin is another person's latest go-to piece.Whether it's carrot pants, shoulder pads, or leopard print, the fact is that, when it comes to fashion, (almost) everything reappears eventually.But why do past trends return, and is there a way to predict when a piece will be back in style again?Deja vu Style is all about these special pieces, featuring the celebrities who made them popular while explaining their comeback.From the miniskirts of the 1960s to the platform shoes of the 1990s and more, this entertaining book on fashion brings them all together. Fashion historians and experts in vintage fashion provide fascinating background knowledge.Sustainability plays a role here, too, because nothing combats the phenomenon of fast fashion better than wearing rediscovered fashion gems. Text in English and German.
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Can beauty be objective if it is shaped by socially prescribed norms?
Beauty is often considered subjective because it is influenced by individual preferences and cultural norms. However, when beauty is shaped by socially prescribed norms, it can become more objective in the sense that it is defined by specific criteria that are widely accepted within a particular society or culture. These norms can create a standard of beauty that is considered objective within that specific context, even though it may not be universally applicable. Ultimately, the objectivity of beauty is influenced by the extent to which these socially prescribed norms are accepted and internalized by individuals.
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Looking for good YouTubers for beauty, fashion, and lifestyle?
If you are looking for good YouTubers for beauty, fashion, and lifestyle content, some popular and highly recommended creators include Zoella, Tanya Burr, and Ingrid Nilsen. These creators consistently produce high-quality videos on makeup tutorials, fashion hauls, and lifestyle tips. Additionally, channels like Jackie Aina, Patricia Bright, and Jenn Im offer diverse perspectives and content within the beauty, fashion, and lifestyle genres.
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What are norms and values?
Norms are societal expectations or rules that dictate appropriate behavior in a given situation. They are the unwritten guidelines that govern how individuals should act in various social contexts. Values, on the other hand, are the beliefs and principles that are important to an individual or a society. They serve as a guiding force in decision-making and help determine what is considered right or wrong. Together, norms and values shape the culture of a society and influence the behavior of its members.
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Can norms make us unfree?
Yes, norms can make us unfree by imposing societal expectations and pressures that limit our ability to act freely. When we feel compelled to conform to certain norms, we may sacrifice our individuality and authenticity in order to fit in or avoid judgment. This can restrict our choices and inhibit our personal growth and self-expression. Additionally, norms that perpetuate discrimination or inequality can further constrain our freedom by limiting opportunities and perpetuating harmful stereotypes.
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